1.Hat are the main benefits of SOA ?

• SOA helps create greater alignment between IT and line of business while generating more flexibility - IT flexibility to support greater business flexibility. Your business processes are changing faster and faster and global competition requires the flexibility that SOA can provide.
• SOA can help you get better reuse out of your existing IT investments as well as the new services you’re developing today. SOA makes integration of your IT investments easier by making use of well-defined interfaces between services. SOA also provides an architectural model for integrating business partners’, customers’ and suppliers’ services into an enterprise’s business processes. This reduces cost and improves customer satisfaction

2.What is a reusable Service?

• It is an autonomous, reusable, discoverable, stateless functionality that has the necessary granularity, and can be part of a composite application or a composite service.
• A reusable service should be identified with a business activity described by the service specifications (design-time contract).
• A service’s constraints, including security, QoS, SLA, usage policies, may be defined by multiple run-time contracts, multiple interfaces (the WSDL for a SOAP Web Service), and multiple implementations (the code).
• A reusable service should be governed at the enterprise level throughout its entire lifecycle, from design-time through run-time. Its reuse should be promoted through a prescriptive process, and that reuse should be measured.

3.Talking about Service identification, which approach between top-down and bottom-up methodologies encourages re-use and mantainance ?

Since the top-down approach is business-driven it can be practical to separate the different concerns of business and IT on different plans, providing a common ground in between. So in most situations it the most appropriate if you want to improve reuse and ROI in the medium/long term. Anyway

4.How can you achieve loose coupling in a soa ?

One strategy for achieving loose coupling is to use the service interface (the WSDL for a SOAP Web Service) to limit this dependency, hiding the service implementation from the consumer. Loose coupling can be addressed by encapsulating the service functionalities in a manner that limits the impact of changes to the implementation on the service interface. However, at some point you will need to change the interface and manage versioning without impacting service consumers, in addition to managing multiple security constraints, multiple transports, and other considerations

5.Do you recall any pattern which could be used to leverage loose coupling ?

The Mediation pattern, using an enterprise service bus (ESB), will help in achieving this. Mediation will take loose coupling to the highest level. It will establish independence between consumers and providers on all levels, including message formats, message types (including SOAP, REST, XML, binary) and transport protocols (including HTTP, HTTPS, JMS). Architecturally speaking this means the separation of concerns between consumers and providers on the transport, message type, and message format levels.

6.The Service of a SOA should be engineered as stateless or stateful ?

Service should be stateless. It may have a context within its stateless execution, but it will not have an intermediary state waiting for an event or a call-back. The retention of state-related data must not extend beyond a request/response on a service. This is because state management consumes a lot of resources, and this can affect the scalability and availability that are required for a reusable service.

7.What is composition of a Service ?

Composition is the process by which services are combined to produce composite applications or composite services. A composite application consists of the aggregation of services to produce an enterprise portal or enterprise process. A composite service consists of an aggregation of services that produces another reusable service. It’s just like combining electronic components to create a computer motherboard, and then using that motherboard in a computer. Think of the motherboard as a reusable composite service that is a component of the computer, and of the computer as the composite application.

8.How do I integrate my Legacy applications with SOA ?

Legacy applications are frequently at the core of your IT environment. With the right skills and tools, you need to identify discrete elements within your legacy applications and “wrap” them in standards-based interfaces and use them as services within your SOA.

9.How does the ESB fits in this picture ?

The Enterprise Service Bus is a core element of any SOA. ESBs provide the “any to any” connectivity between services within your own company, and beyond your business to connect to your trading partners. But SOA does not stop at just implementing an ESB. Depending on what your goals are, you may want to use an ESB to connect other services within your SOA such as information services, interaction services and business process management services. Additionally, you will need to consider development services and IT service management services. The SOA reference architecture can help you lay out an SOA environment that meets your needs and priorities. The ESB is part of this reference architecture and provides the backbone of an SOA but it should not be considered an SOA by itself.

10.What are the common pitfalls of SOA ?

One of the most common pitfalls is to view SOA as an end, rather than a means to an end. Developers who focus on building an SOA solution rather than solving a specific business problem are more likely to create complex, unmanageable, and unnecessary interconnections between IT resources.
Another common pitfall is to try to solve multiple problems at once, rather than solving small pieces of the problem. Taking a top-down approach—starting with major organization-wide infrastructure investments—often fails either to show results in a relevant timeframe or to offer a compelling return on investment.

11.What’s the difference between services and components?

Services are logical grouping of components to achieve business functionality. Components are implementation approaches to make a service. The components can be in JAVA, C#, C++ but the services will be exposed in a general format like Web Services.

12.What are ends, contract, address, and bindings?

These three terminologies on which SOA service stands. Every service must expose one or more ends by which the service can be available to the client. End consists of three important things where, what and how:-

• Contract is an agreement between two or more parties. It defines the protocol how client should communicate with your service. Technically, it describes parameters and return values for a method.
• An Address indicates where we can find this service. Address is a URL, which points to the location of the service.
• Bindings determine how this end can be accessed. It determines how communications is done. For instance, you expose your service, which can be accessed using SOAP over HTTP or BINARY over TCP. So for each of these communications medium two bindings will be created.

13.The concept of SOA is nothing new, however why everyone started to talk about SOA only in the last years ?

Yes I agree the basic concept of SOA aren’t new, however some technology technology changes in the last 10 years made service-oriented architecture more practical and applicable to more organizations than it was previously. Among this:

• Universally-accepted industry standards such as XML, its many variants, and Web-services standards have contributed to the renewed interest in SOA.
• Data governance frameworks, which are important to a successful SOA implementation, have well test and refined over the years.
• A variety of enabling technologies and tools (e.g., modeling, development, infrastructure/middleware, management, and testing) have matured.
• Understanding of business and business strategies has grown, shifting attention from technology to the people, cultural changes, and process that are key business success factors.

14.What is the most important skill you need to adopt SOA ? technical or cultural ?

Surely cultural. SOA does require people to think of business and technology differently. Instead of thinking of technology first (e.g., If we implement this system, what kinds of things can we do with it?), practitioners must first think in terms of business functions, or services (e.g., My company does these business functions, so how can I set up my IT system to do those things for me most efficiently?).It is expected that adoption of SOA will change business IT departments, creating service-oriented (instead of technology-oriented) IT organizations.

15.Is SOA really needed on your opinion?

SOA is not for everyone. While SOA delivers significant benefits and cost savings, SOA does require disciplined enforcement of centralized governance principals to be successful. For some organizations, the cost of developing and enforcing these principals may be higher than the benefits realized, and therefore not a sound initiative.

16.4 facts you should know about SOA Services?

• SOA separates business functions into services (endpoints), which are made accessible over a network in order to allow users to combine and reuse them in their applications.
• The SOA services can be developed in different languages and OS’es as long as they follow the SOA principles.
• Services are unassociated and loosely coupled units that do not directly rely on each other for their full functioning. Rather than services embedding calls to each other in their source code, they use defined protocols that describe how services pass and parse messages using description metadata.
• Orchestration is a process where business functionality from various services are combined in a system fully aware of all available services and the associated metadata that defines these services and their characteristics.

17.SOA principles?

SOA principles were first defined by Thomas Erl. These 8 principles are underlying to any good architecture that utilizes SOA design to build their products and services:

• Standardized service contract: Services adhere to a communications agreement, as defined collectively by one or more service-description documents.
• Service loose coupling: Services maintain a relationship that minimizes dependencies and only requires that they maintain an awareness of each other.
• Service abstraction: Beyond descriptions in the service contract, services hide logic from the outside world.
• Service reusability: Logic is divided into services with the intention of promoting reuse.
• Service autonomy: Services have control over the logic they encapsulate.
• Service statelessness: Services minimize resource consumption by deferring the management of state information when necessary
• Service discoverability: Services are supplemented with communicative meta data by which they can be effectively discovered and interpreted.
• Service composability: Services are effective composition participants, regardless of the size and complexity of the composition.

18.Explain some of the common terms in a SOA based architecture?

SOA registry is a metadata store for services which describes what each services can do, their location, and communication protocol.
SOA workflow helps define work flow using the services in a SOA registry.
Service broker reads the work flow and takes services from the SOA registry and ties them together.
SOA supervisor ensures that services do not have issues. It deals mainly with performance issues of the system so that appropriate service levels are met.
Service Contract
Service Contract defines the “What” of a service. Think of it as a contract agreement (aka protocol) between the service and the consuming application (aka client). More specifically, it describes parameters and return values for a method.
Service Address
Service Address defines the “Where”. In other words, where can the clients find this service. Address is a URL, which points to the location of the service.
Service Binding
A Service can offer many different bindings. Bindings are the “How” you connect, access and communicate with the service. For example, SOAP over HTTP or BINARY over TCP.

19.What is Web Service ?

Web service is a piece of code which is available on web (internet). That code of piece can be developed in any language (java, .net etc). A client invokes the web service by sending xml message and it wait for xml response (synchronously or asynchronously).

20.What is WSDL ?

WSDL stands for Web Services Description Language
WSDL is a document written in XML. The document describes a Web service. It specifies the location of the service and the operations (or methods) the service exposes.