Java - Characters

Normally, when we work with characters, we use primitive data types char.

Example:

char ch ='a';
// Unicode for uppercase Greek omega character
char uniChar ='\u039A';
// an array of chars
char[] charArray ={'a','b','c','d','e'};

However in development, we come across situations where we need to use objects instead of primitive data types. Inorder to achieve this, Java provides wrapper class Character for primitive data type char.

The Character class offers a number of useful class (i.e., static) methods for manipulating characters. You can create a Character object with the Character constructor:

Character ch =newCharacter('a');

The Java compiler will also create a Character object for you under some circumstances. For example, if you pass a primitive char into a method that expects an object, the compiler automatically converts the char to a Character for you. This feature is called autoboxing or unboxing, if the conversion goes the other way.

Example:

// Here following primitive char 'a'
// is boxed into the Character object ch
Character ch ='a';
// Here primitive 'x' is boxed for method test,
// return is unboxed to char 'c' char c = test('x');

Escape Sequences:

A character preceded by a backslash (\) is an escape sequence and has special meaning to the compiler.

The newline character (\n) has been used frequently in this tutorial in System.out.println() statements to advance to the next line after the string is printed.

Following table shows the Java escape sequences:

Escape Sequence	Description
\t	Inserts a tab in the text at this point.
\b	Inserts a backspace in the text at this point.
\n	Inserts a newline in the text at this point.
\r	Inserts a carriage return in the text at this point.
\f	Inserts a form feed in the text at this point.
\'	Inserts a single quote character in the text at this point.
\"	Inserts a double quote character in the text at this point.
\\	Inserts a backslash character in the text at this point.

When an escape sequence is encountered in a print statement, the compiler interprets it accordingly.

Example:

If you want to put quotes within quotes you must use the escape sequence, \", on the interior quotes:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("She said \"Hello!\" to me.");
}
}

This would produce the following result:

She said "Hello!" to me.

Character Methods:

Here is the list of the important instance methods that all the subclasses of the Character class implement:

SN	Methods with Description
1	isLetter() Determines whether the specified char value is a letter.
2	isDigit() Determines whether the specified char value is a digit.
3	isWhitespace() Determines whether the specified char value is white space.
4	isUpperCase() Determines whether the specified char value is uppercase.
5	isLowerCase() Determines whether the specified char value is lowercase.
6	toUpperCase() Returns the uppercase form of the specified char value.
7	toLowerCase() Returns the lowercase form of the specified char value.
8	toString() Returns a String object representing the specified character valuethat is, a one-character string.

For a complete list of methods, please refer to the java.lang.Character API specification.

isLetter() Description:

The method determines whether the specified char value is a letter.

Syntax:

boolean isLetter(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns true if passed character is really a character.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.isLetter('c'));
System.out.println(Character.isLetter('5'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

true
false

isDigit() Description:

The method determines whether the specified char value is a digit.

Syntax:

boolean isDigit(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns true if passed character is really a digit.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.isDigit('c'));
System.out.println(Character.isDigit('5'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

false
true

isWhitespace() Description:

The method determines whether the specified char value is a white space, which includes space, tab or new line.

Syntax:

boolean isWhitespace(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns true if passed character is really a white space.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace('c'));
System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace(' '));
System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace('\n'));
System.out.println(Character.isWhitespace('\t'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

false
true
true
true

isUpperCase() Description:

The method determines whether the specified char value is uppercase.

Syntax:

boolean isUpperCase(char ch)

Parameters:
Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns true if passed character is really an uppercase.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.isUpperCase('c'));
System.out.println(Character.isUpperCase('C'));
System.out.println(Character.isUpperCase('\n'));
System.out.println(Character.isUpperCase('\t'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

false
true
false
false

isLowerCase() Description:

The method determines whether the specified char value is lowercase.

Syntax:

boolean isLowerCase(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns true if passed character is really an lowercase.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase('c'));
System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase('C'));
System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase('\n'));
System.out.println(Character.isLowerCase('\t'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

true
false
false
false

toUpperCase() Description:

The method returns the uppercase form of the specified char value.

Syntax:

char toUpperCase(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value :

This method Returns the uppercase form of the specified char value.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase('c'));
System.out.println(Character.toUpperCase('C'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

C
C

toLowerCase() Description:

The method returns the lowercase form of the specified char value.

Syntax:

char toLowerCase(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns the lowercase form of the specified char value.

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.toLowerCase('c'));
System.out.println(Character.toLowerCase('C'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

c
c

toString() Description:

The method returns a String object representing the specified character value, that is, a one-character string.

Syntax:

String toString(char ch)

Parameters:

Here is the detail of parameters:

ch -- Primitive character type

Return Value:

This method Returns String object

Example:

public class Test{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println(Character.toString('c'));
System.out.println(Character.toString('C'));
}
}

This produces the following result:

c
C

What is Next?

In the next section, we will be going through the String class in Java. You will be learning how to declare and use Strings efficiently as well as some of the important methods in the String class.

« Previous | 1 | 2 | 3 | Next »

The largest Interview Solution Library on the web

Java - Characters